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Amalthea (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Amalthea or Amaltheia ((ギリシア語:Ἀμάλθεια)) is the most-frequently mentioned foster-mother of Zeus. Her name in Greek ("tender goddess") is clearly an epithet, signifying the presence of an earlier nurturing goddess,〔"...the business of Amaltheia, caves and the nurturing of Zeus lands us squarely in Minoan times," John Bennet remarked in passing (Bennet, "The Structure of the Linear B Administration at Knossos" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 89.2 (1985:231-249 ) p. 107 note 39); cf. M.P. Nilsson, ''The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek Religion'' (1950:537ff).〕 whom the Hellenes, whose myths we know, knew to be located in Crete, where Minoans may have called her a version of "Dikte".〔An Egyptian inscription of Amenhotep III (1406-1369 BCE) discussed by Michael C. Astour, "Aegean Place-Names in an Egyptian Inscription" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 70.4 (October 1966:313-317), "shows that the Egyptian scribe conceived the Minoan form of ''Diktê'' as the Northwest Semitic word ''dqt''... ''Aigaion oros=Diktê'' may well be a Graeco-Semitic doublet, for in Ugaritic ritual texts ''dqt'' (literally 'small one') was the term for 'female head of small cattle for sacrifice' and a goat rather than a sheep. ''Dqt'' is also found as a divine name in a Ugaritic list of gods, which reminds us of the goat that nourished Zeus in the Dictaean cave." (p. 314).〕 Amalthea is sometimes represented as the goat who suckled the infant-god in a cave in Cretan Mount Aigaion ("Goat Mountain"),〔Hesiod. ''Theogony'', 484.〕 sometimes as a goat-tending nymph〔For the primitive Amalthea as the goat rather than the goat-herding nymph, see R.W. Hutchinson, ''Prehistoric Crete'' (1962:202).〕 of uncertain parentage (the daughter of Oceanus, Haemonius, Olenos,〔In Hyginus' ''Poetical Astronomy'' II.13 as the nymph Aega or Aex ("she-goat"), daughter of Olenos: see Aega (mythology); in Hyginus ''Fabulae'', 182.〕 or—according to Lactantius—Melisseus〔The early fourth-century Christian apologist Lactantius (''Institutiones'' I.22) makes the father of Amalthea and her honey-providing sister Melissa, a Melisseus, "king of Crete"; this example of the common Christian Euhemerist interpretation of Greek myth as fables of humans superstitiously credited with supernatural powers during the passage of time does not represent the actual cultural history of Amalthea, save in its synthesised reflection of an alternative mythic tradition, that infant Zeus was fed with honey: see Bee (mythology).〕), who brought him up on the milk of her goat.〔According to Aratus of Sicyon, the Achaeans believed that his happened in their capital Aegium (Strabo, ''Geography'', VIII 7,5). Legendary infancy episodes of some historical figures—and poetical figures, such as Longus' Daphnis—were suckled by goats, and the actual practice lingered in Italy into the nineteenth century: see William M. Calder, III, "Longus 1. 2: The She-Goat Nurse" ''Classical Philology'' 78.1 (January 1983:50–51).〕 The possession of multiple and uncertain mythological parents indicates wide worship of a deity in many cultures having varying local traditions. Other names, like Adrasteia, Ide, the nymph of Mount Ida, or Adamanthea, which appear in mythology handbooks,〔Bernard Evslin, ''Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology'': ''s.v.'' "Adamanthea", "Amalthea"; Patricia Monaghan, ''Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines'', 2009, ''s.v.'' Adamanthea".〕 are simply duplicates of Amalthea.
In the tradition represented by Hesiod's ''Theogony'', Cronus swallowed all of his children immediately after birth. The mother goddess Rhea, Zeus' mother, deceived her brother consort Cronus by giving him a stone wrapped to look like a baby instead of Zeus. Since she instead gave the infant Zeus to Adamanthea to nurse in a cave on a mountain in Crete, it is clear that Adamanthea is a doublet of Amalthea. In many literary references, the Greek tradition relates that in order that Cronus should not hear the wailing of the infant, Amalthea gathered about the cave the Kuretes or the Korybantes to dance, shout, and clash their spears against their shields.〔Kerenyi, p. 94.〕
==Amalthea and the aegis==
Amalthea's skin, or that of her goat, taken by Zeus in honor of her when she died, became the protective Aegis in some traditions.
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